10 Effects Of Groupthink And How To Avoid Them ~ ApproachNews

The term "groupthink" was first used by a social psychologist named Irving Janis, and it is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when a well-intentioned group works together to make decisions and strives for harmony and consensus. This, in turn, leads to non-optimal decision making and conformity within the group.Groupthink is a phenomenon that occurs when a group of individuals reaches a consensus without critical reasoning or evaluation of the consequences or alternatives. Groupthink is based on a common...Essentially, groupthink occurs when a group makes faulty or ineffective decisions just for the sake of reaching an agreement.Groupthink Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within groups of people. Group members try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative ideas or viewpoints.Groupthink and Isolation Groupthink tends to occur in isolated groups, especially in groups with no clear rules for decision making and in groups where all of the people involved have similar backgrounds. It is destructive to effective thinking. Some examples of groupthink include the following:

Groupthink Definition

Groupthink occurs when a group values cohesiveness and unanimity more than making the right decision. In situations characterized by groupthink, individuals may self-censor criticism of the group decision, or group leaders may suppress dissenting information.Groupthink can also occur in groups that have less strain than a murder trial. For example, groupthink is common among groups that are created for group projects. Thinking about Tuckman's 1965 developmental stages of a group, the first stage of forming, and the second stage of storming can greatly influence groupthink.Question. Groupthink occurs in ____. a. standing committees whose members are under no pressure to agree b. highly cohesive groups where there is a great deal of pressure to agree with each other c. groups in which members have dissimilar backgrounds d. newly formed groups whose members were arbitrarily selected and who are assigned to make programmed decisions e. groups whose members areGroupthink. groupthink n. a type of thinking engaged in by a group of people deliberating an issue, typically characterized by the making of injudicious decisions through individuals' unwillingness to challenge group consensus. (Oxford English Dictionary) The theory of groupthink was developed and proposed by Irving Janis in 1972. Janis was a

Groupthink - Learn About the Negative Impact of Groupthink

Groupthink is a suspension of critical thinking that often occurs in groups of people. It is a defensive reaction that preserves group cohesion at the expense of both individual members and groupGroupthink occurs normally when there a strong sense of "we" in the group. In such a case people want to be on good terms with their group no matter what the cost. They try to maintain the harmony of the group and sacrifice individual critical thinking for groupthink.Groupthink is the modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus (Janis, 1972). In group situations, the group often takes action that individuals would not perform outside the group setting because groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do.Groupthink is the modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus (Janis, 1972). In group situations, the group often takes action that individuals would not perform outside the group setting because groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do.Groupthink is a theory dedicated to understanding the decision-making process in small groups. Janis believes that groups frequently make decisions with profound consequences, and although he focused his efforts on foreign policy groups, the application of Groupthink terminology resonates in many other decision-making groups.

Groupthink occurs when people's desire to care for group loyalty becomes more necessary than making the best choices. People regularly in finding it arduous to suppose and act independently in organization situations. According to psychologist Irving Janis, groupthink is "a deterioration of psychological efficiency, fact checking out, and moral judgment that effects from in-group pressures."

Group contributors continuously endure overconfidence and hold an unquestioned trust in the group's competence and morality. Dissent by way of group contributors is also discouraged or even result in expulsion from the group. Because other folks incessantly want to avoid these punishments, they continue to be silent. This creates the semblance of settlement or unanimity in the gang.

Groups might also succeed in choices, together with ethical judgments, that are extra extreme than any single member of the gang at first supported. Unfortunately, if groupthink takes hold, organization participants may not even question ethically doubtful selections and actions. For example, some other folks say that the Bush management's choice to invade Iraq on account of non-existent weapons of mass destruction was once due to groupthink.

Indeed, groupthink may cause us to value unity and consensus over independent judgment, and may end up in unethical behavior.

Case Study

The Astros' Sign-Stealing Scandal

Major League Baseball (MLB) fosters a particularly aggressive surroundings. Tens of hundreds of thousands of dollars in wage (and endorsements) can grasp in the stability, relying on whether or not a participant performs well or poorly. Likewise, hundreds of thousands and thousands of dollars of price are at stake for the owners as groups vie for World Series glory. Plus, enthusiasts, players and owners simply want their team to win. And everyone hates to lose!

It isn't surprising, then, that the history of big-time baseball is dotted with dishonest scandals starting from the Black Sox scandal of 1919 ("Say it ain't so, Joe!"), to Gaylord Perry's spitter, to the corked bats of Albert Belle and Sammy Sosa, to the common use of efficiency bettering drugs (PEDs) in the Nineteen Nineties and early 2000s. Now, the Houston Astros have joined this inglorious list.

Catchers sign to pitchers which type of pitch to throw, normally through retaining down a definite collection of palms on their non-gloved hand between their legs as they crouch at the back of the plate. It is in most cases now not as simple as just one finger for a fastball and two for a curve, but not much more complicated than that.

In September 2016, an Astros intern named Derek Vigoa gave a PowerPoint presentation to normal manager Jeff Luhnow that featured an Excel-based application that used to be programmed with an algorithm. The set of rules was once designed to (and may) decode the pitching indicators that opposing groups' catchers flashed to their pitchers. The Astros referred to as it "Codebreaker." One Astros employee referred to the sign-stealing device that evolved because the "dark arts."[1]

MLB laws allowed a runner status on moment base to steal indicators and relay them to the batter, however the MLB rules strictly forbade using digital means to decipher indicators. The Astros' "Codebreaker" blatantly violated those regulations.

According to Wall Street Journal creator Jared Diamond:

The method Codebreaker worked was simple: Somebody would watch an in-game are living feed and log the catcher's indicators into the spreadsheet, as well as the kind of pitch that was if truth be told thrown. With that knowledge, Codebreaker determined how the indicators corresponded with different pitches. Once made up our minds, that data would be communicated through intermediaries to a baserunner, who would relay them to the hitter.

Starting around June 2017, the system was decorated by means of Astros players. They began looking at a are living recreation feed on a track close to the dugout and then would bang on a trash can to keep up a correspondence the approaching pitch to the batter. The "banging scheme" lasted throughout the 2017 World Series, which the Astros received over the Los Angeles Dodgers.[2]

This all occurred even supposing late in the 2017 season, MLB stuck the Boston Red Sox relaying signs from their video room to an Apple watch worn via a trainer sitting in the dugout. MLB Commissioner Rob Manfred fined the Red Sox and issued a strong warning to all groups in opposition to unlawful digital sign-stealing.[3]

However, the Astros' scheme lasted into the 2018 season in away games as well as home games, although other teams have been very suspicious that the Astros had been stealing indicators. Other teams continuously changed their very own indicators several instances a sport in an try to thwart the Astros suspected signal stealing. An executive for an opposing workforce was once quoted as announcing "The complete trade is aware of they've been cheating their asses off for three or 4 years. Everybody knew it."[4] Indeed, many teams had complained to MLB's executives in regards to the Astros' cheating. Some suspect the dishonest persevered during the 2019 season even though others assume no longer, and MLB found no convincing evidence of it.[5]

Sign-stealing might not seem like it would give a big merit. After all, even if a batter is aware of that a certain pitch is coming, he nonetheless has to hit it. And it isn't easy hitting a 100-mph fastball or a serious league-caliber slider, even if you understand it's coming. Nonetheless, the merit is considerable. According to the Washington Nationals' pitching coach Paul Menhart, "It's the worst feeling in the sector stepping on that mound and having an concept that the hitter is aware of what's coming. It's one of the crucial unnerving emotions. You feel helpless. You just get ticked off to the point where you lose total focal point and self belief."[6] The Washington Nationals gained the 2019 World Series over the well-liked Astros. They won, at least in section, by way of assuming that the Astros would be making an attempt to scouse borrow their signs, and hanging into place elaborate countermeasures, together with more than one sets of signs for every pitcher.[7]

There is no query that many of the Astros players were actively concerned in the scheme. The Astros supervisor, AJ Hinch, clearly knew about it. There is considerable, though possibly not hermetic proof, that General Manager (GM) Rob Luhnhow also knew of the scheme. Carlos Beltran, a Hall-of-Fame caliber participant close to the end of his 20-year taking part in career was once a pacesetter in the scheme. And bench trainer Alex Cora used to be a number one instigator. Owner Jim Crane appears not to have recognized of the dark arts being practiced via his membership.[8]

The scandal became public on November 12, 2019, when former Astros' pitcher Mike Fiers blew the whistle in an interview published in "The Athletic."[9] Although some current MLB gamers praised Fiers for coming forward in regards to the scandal, different avid gamers criticized him for violating baseball's presumed "code of silence," also referred to as the "clubhouse code."[10] MLB then launched an investigation that granted the Astros avid gamers immunity in return for his or her fessing up. Commissioner Rob Manfred soon issued a nine-page record that found that most of the Astros players knew of the scheme and plenty of participated in it. The document said that supervisor Hinch knew of the scheme and that GM Luhnow must have prevented it.[11] Commissioner Manfred suspended each Hinch and Luhnow, who were temporarily fired by means of Astros' owner Crane. MLB fined the Astros $Five million, and stripped the membership of its first- and second-round draft selections in each 2020 and 2021.[12]

There was once other fall-out, too. Beltran, who had just been employed as manager of the New York Mets, used to be fired. Cora, who had therefore become the manager of the Boston Red Sox, was once also fired. In past due April 2020, Manfred discovered that the Red Sox had completed some illicit sign-stealing in the 2018 season. Surprisingly, though, he concluded that supervisor Cora and many of the Red Sox gamers did not learn about it. Manfred imposed a modest punishment at the Red Sox organization in the form of a lost draft pick. But once more, not one of the players who participated in the scheme had been penalized.[13]

Manfred's resolution not to punish avid gamers was harshly criticized through many. He claimed that granting immunity in trade for information was one of the best ways to temporarily uncover the truth. This way was once praised by way of some,[14] but different observers have been unconvinced.[15] He also argued that it used to be difficult to determine how a lot benefit the cheating scandal had given the Astros. However, many predominant league gamers – including the sport's best possible participant, Mike Trout – urged that they would love to know what pitch used to be coming.[16] Manfred additionally claimed that with such a lot of players involved to different levels, it might be tricky to apportion blame accurately. Additionally, MLB had stated in its 2017 caution about sign-stealing that it could dangle management chargeable for violations.[17]

Some recommended that Manfred used to be merely looking to minimize injury to MLB's image. The recreation were given a black eye from the PED scandal, which is brought again into the spotlight yearly as Barry Bonds, Roger Clemens, and others are refused access to the baseball Hall of Fame by sportswriters who insist on punishing their dishonest in ways that MLB by no means did. And Astros players akin to Carlos Correa, Jose Altuve, and Justin Verlander will almost definitely have a greater chance to enter the Hall of Fame than if they'd been suspended for cheating.[18]

The harm achieved through the Astros is significant. Former predominant leaguer Doug Glanville stated the Astros' "egocentric act makes everybody query the validity of the future and the reality of the previous," concluding that MLB now faces an "existential crisis."[19] Veteran catcher Stephen Vogt mentioned, "The integrity of our game is what we've, and now that's been damaged."[20]

The affect at the Astros and its avid gamers, beyond a new manager and general manager, is as yet unknown. The Astros fear that opposing pitchers will really feel a point of freedom to throw at Astros hitters. A former foremost league pitcher, Mike Bolsinger, sued the Astros. He claimed that a particularly bad day out he had was brought about through the Astros' dishonest, and that it successfully ended his MLB profession.[21] The effect in their dishonest techniques can be seen in non-professional baseball, too, with some little leagues banning the use of "Astros" as a workforce name.[22] Regardless of league stage, gaming the device to advantage one's personal staff is not the kind of play that, in the longer term, makes for just right sport.

Discussion QuestionsWhy do you think the Astros started the use of the "Dark Arts"?

[See videos at the self-serving bias (https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/video/self-serving-bias) and framing. (https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/video/framing)]

Shortly earlier than the Astros started their sign-stealing scheme, the workforce's database was hacked by means of Chris Correa, the rival St. Louis Cardinals' scouting director. He was once later sentenced to 46 months in jail.[23] How would possibly this transgression via Correa have helped motivate the Astros' determination to cheat? Could it have given the Astros a rationalization for their own dishonest? What do you think that explanation would be?

[See video on rationalizations. (https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/rationalizations)]

How much responsibility would you set at the players? On the manager? On the general supervisor? On the owner? Explain your reasoning. One author asked: "Given an open road, a sports automotive and the assurance no regulation enforcement would be provide, how fast would you force?"[24] He then famous the relative loss of enforcement via MLB, in spite of widespread rumors and proceedings in regards to the Astros' (and possibly any other golf equipment') illegal sign-stealing. Would extra surveillance, of the kind MLB used in the 2018 and 2019 playoffs when watchdogs had been positioned in baseball clubhouses right through the games, have made a distinction? Why or why not? Although some MLB players applauded Mike Fiers for coming ahead concerning the scandal, others criticized him for violating baseball's supposed "code of silence."[25] Is that code commonplace in professions or organizations rather then MLB (and the Mafia)? Support your answer with examples. Is it part of the problem? Why or why no longer? How would possibly or not it's reformed and even ended?

[See movies on the conformity bias https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/video/conformity-bias https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/conformity-bias and In-group/outgroup. https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/in-groupout-group]

In 2017 "The Athletic" reported that small groups of Astros avid gamers expressed misgivings in regards to the dishonest. One participant approached Carlos Beltran, who was a ring-leader in the scheme and a 20-year veteran with a Hall of Fame-caliber profession at the back of him. Beltran "disregarded [the appeal] and steamrolled everybody." "Where do you pass in case you're a young, impressionable participant with the Astros and this guy says, 'We're going to do this.' What do you do?"[26] What does this revelation tell us about obedience to authority? [See movies on obedience to authority. https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/video/obedience-to-authority; https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/obedience-to-authority] On the other hand, Astros shortstop Carlos Correa stated: "We didn't feel frightened of Beltran; we didn't really feel intimidated. He was once the nicest man we could ever have. He was the most productive teammate lets ever have. Beltran was clearly a pacesetter of the clubhouse, but we all had a say in the whole lot we were doing in there."[27] How does this have an effect on your conclusions on the previous query? In a press conference, Astros' owner Jim Crane mentioned: "Our avid gamers must now not be punished for those actions. These are a really perfect group of guys who didn't receive right kind guidance from their leaders."[28] It does appear that GM Luhnhow did know typically of the scheme, that box supervisor Hinch surely knew about it (and didn't adore it) however did little or not anything to prevent it, and that bench trainer Alex Cora and team elder Carlos Beltran had been lively leaders of the scheme. Does that absolve the opposite gamers? Why or why no longer? Former Astro J.D. Davis later defined: "I used to be a rookie, and I used to be going up and down the system, and I used to be preventing for my life. … As a 24-year-old at the time, I used to be beautiful star-struck on the time being around one of the vital veteran guys and being around the big-league clubhouse and the whole lot. I had by no means been part of a major-league clubhouse. Maybe what they did used to be the norm, I have no idea. I had never been in any other big-league clubhouse."[29] Does this sound like the conformity bias in action, or simply any other excuse? Explain your reasoning. There have been clearly Astros gamers who had been uncomfortable with the dishonest. Why didn't they talk out? What about the Astros players, rather than Fiers, who left the club knowing of the scheme, however never reported it? Why didn't they discuss out?

[See videos on moral muteness https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/video/moral-muteness and the Giving Voice to Values video sequence. https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/series/giving-voice-to-values]

It is completely legal to watch the opposing groups' pitcher and catcher with the bare eye, even when you're a runner standing on moment base with a primo view of the catchers' indicators. And it's felony to check out to hit upon those signals and send them for your teammate in the batter's box in an attempt to give him an edge. Is the usage of electronic approach to do the detecting so close to the normal signifies that it doesn't appear so bad? Explain. How would possibly this line of reasoning be influences via the slippery slope?

[See movies on incrementalism. https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/video/incrementalism https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/incrementalism]

Why didn't MLB punish the gamers who have been concerned? Should the players had been punished as well as the manager and common supervisor? Why or why no longer? Why do you suppose the managers were allowed to keep their proportion of the World Series prize cash (0,000 each)? Is this fair? Why or why not? Did Rob Manfred take a deontological or a utilitarian method to investigating and punishing the Astros? Was it the most efficient method? Explain your reasoning.

[See movies on deontology https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/deontology and utilitarianism. https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/utilitarianism]

In the wake of the scandal, Pete Rose – who is among the perfect gamers in historical past and was banned from the game as a result of he gambled on baseball – asked for reinstatement.[30] Does the failure to punish the Astros' gamers provide grounds for mercy toward Rose? Why or why now not? Commissioner Manfred refused to strip the Astros of their championship, saying: "Once you move down that highway of adjusting what happens at the field, I just don't know how you make a decision where you stop."[31] Do you think the Astros must be stripped of their championship? Explain your reasoning. Bibliography

[1] Jared Diamond, 'Dark Arts' and 'Codebreaker': The Origins of the Houston Astros Cheating Scheme, Wall Street Journal, Feb. 7, 2020, at https://www.wsj.com/articles/houston-astros-cheating-scheme-dark-arts-codebreaker-11581112994.

[2] Id.

[3] Tom Verducci, Why MLB Issued Historic Punishment to Astros for Sign Stealing, Sports Illustrated, Jan. 13, 2020, at https://www.si.com/mlb/2020/01/13/houston-astros-cheating-punishment.

[4] Barry Svrluga & Dave Sheinin, The World Just Learned of the Astros' Cheating. Inside Baseball, It was once an Open Secret, Washington Post, Feb. 11, 2020, at https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/mlb/astros-cheating-open-secret/2020/02/11/1830154c-4c41-11ea-9b5c-eac5b16dafaa_story.html.

[5] Id.

[6] Id.

[7] Nick Moykin, Nationals Reportedly Knew of Astros Sign-Stealing Scandal During the World Series, WUSA, Feb. 12, 2020, at https://www.wusa9.com/article/sports/nationals-knew-astros-were-stealing-signs-during-world-series/65-b3ae89ef-58c3-4374-be49-ee591c38384c.

[8] Rob Manfred, Statement of the Commissioner, Jan. 13, 2020, at https://www.crawfishboxes.com/2020/1/13/21064270/mlb-commissioner-rob-manfreds-full-statement-on-the-houston-astros-sign-stealing-investigation.

[9] Ken Rosenthal & Evan Drellich, The Astros Stole Signs Electronically in 2017—Part of a Much Broader Issue for Major League Baseball, The Athletic, Nov. 12, 2019, at https://theathletic.com/1363451/2019/11/12/the-astros-stole-signs-electronically-in-2017-part-of-a-much-broader-issue-for-major-league-baseball/.

[10] Susan Slusser, A's Mike Fiers Says He's Received Death Threats, Plans to Keep Astros Ring, San Francisco Chronicle, Feb. 20, 2020, at https://www.sfchronicle.com/athletics/article/A-s-Mike-Fiers-I-ve-dealt-with-death-15071066.php.

[11] Manfred, supra observe 8.

[12] Erik Boland, "Yankees Won't Be Returning to the Scene of Astros' Crime," Newsday, May 14, 2020, at https://www.newsday.com/sports/baseball/yankees/astros-yankees-sign-stealing-scandal-minute-maid-park-1.44641481.

[13] Boston Herald Staff, "Calling Foul over MLB Report on Sox Sign-stealing Scandal," Boston Herald, April 26, 2020, at https://www.bostonherald.com/2020/04/26/calling-foul-over-mlb-report-on-sox-sign-stealing-scandal/.

[14] Thomas Fox, The Astros Cheating Scandal and Compliance—Part 5: The Whistleblower and the Amnesty, Thomas Fox's FCPA Compliance & Ethics Updates, Jan. 21, 2020, at https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/the-astros-cheating-scandal-and-55519/.

[15] Christopher L. Gasper, Players Should Be Punished Too in Baseball's Sign-Stealing Scandal, MSN.com, Jan. 18, 2020, at https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/mlb/players-should-be-punished-too-in-baseball-s-sign-stealing-scandal/ar-BBZ4tCM?fbclid=IwAR0znzAliQdUxJAbpO7v6wMlvL3txqWK6cwIpvmYGSWt3laBhA9hQ-1zI5A.

[16] Allen Kim, Angles Star Mike Trout Rips MLB for Astros Cheating Scandal, Said He 'Lost Respect' for Players, CNN, Feb. 17, 2020, at https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/17/us/houston-astros-mike-trout-spt-trnd/index.html.

[17] Dalton Johnson, Rob Manfred Explains Why He Didn't Strip Astros' World Series, Punish Players, NBC Sports, Feb. 16, 2020, at https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/athletics/rob-manfred-explains-why-he-didnt-strip-astros-world-series-punish-players.

[18] Howard Bryant, "Why the Houston Astros' Cheating Scandal Could Be Worse for MLB than the Steroid Era," ESPN, Mar. 8, 2020, at https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/28841940/why-houston-astros-cheating-scandal-worse-mlb-steroid-era.

[19] Doug Glanville, Baseball's Existential Crisis, New York Times, Jan. 21, 2020, at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/21/opinion/the-astros-cheating.html.

[20] Tyler Kepner, The Rise and Sudden Fall of the Houston Astros, New York Times, Jan. 18, 2010, at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/18/sports/houston-astros-cheating.html.

[21] Nancy Armour, Pitcher Mike Bolsinger Says Cheating Houston Astros Changed Course of His Career, USA Today, Feb. 10, 2020, at https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/columnist/nancy-armour/2020/02/10/mike-bolsinger-sues-houston-astros-says-cheating-changed-his-career/4712164002/.

[22] Tim Daniels, California Little Leagues Ban Astros as Team Name After Cheating Scandal, Bleacherreport, Feb. 15, 2020, at https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2876498-california-little-leagues-ban-astros-as-team-name-after-cheating-scandal.

[23] Adam Wells, Chris Correa Sentenced to 46 Months for Hacking Astros' Computer System, Bleacherreport.com, July 18, 2016, at https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2652751-chris-correa-sentenced-to-46-months-for-hacking-astros-computer-system.

[24] Gene Laques, Injured Parties, Defiant Execs and a Tainted Title: Houston Astros' Sign-stealing Scandal Checks All the Boxes, USA Today, Jan. 15, 2020, at https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/columnist/gabe-lacques/2020/01/15/houston-astros-cheating-scandal-mlb/4465982002/.

[25] Susan Slusser, A's Mike Fiers Says He's Received Death Threats, Plans to Keep Astros Ring, San Francisco Chronicle, Feb. 20, 2020, at https://www.sfchronicle.com/athletics/article/A-s-Mike-Fiers-I-ve-dealt-with-death-15071066.php.

[26] Rosenthal & Drellich, supra word __.

[27] James Crabtree-Hannigan, Carlos Correa Denies Astros Were Intimidated via Carlos Beltran, Sporting News, Feb. 13, 2020, at https://www.sportingnews.com/us/mlb/news/carlos-correa-denies-astros-were-intimidated-by-carlos-beltran/1qids459hddeo1k53f8nabl8z6.

[28] Scott Davis, The Astros Said Their Cheating Scheme 'Didn't Impact the Game' and Players Shouldn't Be Held Accountable in a Cringeworthy Press Conference, Business Insider, Feb. 13, 2020, at https://www.businessinsider.com/jim-crane-astros-cheating-didnt-impact-game-press-conference-2020-2.

[29] Bob Nightengale, Former Astros Outfielders J.D. Davis, Jake Marisnick Apologize for Their Roles in the Sign-stealing Scandal, USA Today, Feb. 14, 2020, at https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/columnist/bob-nightengale/2020/02/14/former-astros-outfielder-jd-davis-ashamed-sign-stealing/4759911002/.

[30] Randy Miller, Pete Rose Feels Astros' Cheating Worse Than His Bets, Questions Players Getting Off 'Scot-free, NJ.com, https://www.nj.com/yankees/2020/01/pete-rose-feels-astros-cheating-worse-than-gambling-questions-players-getting-off-scot-free.html.

[31] John Perrotto, Rob Manfred Won't Tolerate Retaliation Against Houston Astros, Feb. 17, 2020, at https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnperrotto/2020/02/17/rob-manfred-wont-tolerate-retaliation-against-houston-astros/#10a4a13f3b67.